Virology
How the virus is built
All hantaviruses share the same architecture: an enveloped, roughly spherical particle 70–350 nm across, studded with glycoprotein spikes, wrapping three strands of negative-sense RNA — Small (S), Medium (M) and Large (L).
Virion anatomy
- Envelope — host-derived lipid bilayer.
- Spikes — Gn + Gc glycoproteins forming a square lattice.
- Nucleocapsid — three helical RNPs (one per S/M/L segment).
- RdRp — packaged inside; copies the genome in the cytoplasm.
The S, M, L genome
The genome is split across three segments, named for size:
| Segment | Size | Encodes | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| L | ~6.6 kb | L protein (RdRp) | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase — replicates and transcribes the genome. |
| M | ~3.7 kb | Glycoprotein precursor → Gn + Gc | Surface spikes — bind β3-integrins on capillary endothelium. |
| S | ~2.1 kb | Nucleocapsid (N); some species also encode NSs | Coats RNA into helical RNPs; NSs antagonizes the interferon response. |
Replication cycle
- Entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis; β3-integrins are the primary entry receptors for pathogenic species.
- Membrane fusion in late endosomes releases the three RNPs into the cytoplasm.
- Transcription and replication happen entirely in the cytoplasm.
- Old World hantaviruses (Hantaan, Seoul, Puumala, Dobrava) bud at the Golgi apparatus.
- New World hantaviruses (Sin Nombre, Andes) bud at the plasma membrane.
Tropism — why capillaries
Pathogenic hantaviruses primarily infect endothelial cells of the small blood vessels. The cells aren't directly killed; instead the infection plus the host immune response loosen capillary junctions — the capillary leak that drives both the lung edema of HPS and the kidney injury of HFRS.
Stability & disinfection
Hantaviruses are enveloped, so they are inactivated by household disinfectants (e.g., 10% bleach), most detergents and UV light. They survive longer in cool, damp organic material — which is why dust from rodent nests and droppings in cabins, sheds and barns is the main exposure source.
FAQ
How long can hantavirus survive in the environment?
Days to weeks in cool, damp organic material; hours in dry sunny conditions; instantly killed by 10% bleach.
Can hantavirus survive in the cold?
Cool, damp conditions actually extend survival. Freezing preserves the virus well.
What kills hantavirus on surfaces?
10% bleach solution, EPA-registered disinfectants, soap and detergents, UV light, or sustained heat.